How to treat low dimensional systems

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

• Avoid numerical divergences using the Random Integration Method (RIM)
• Generate a truncated coulomb potential with a box-like cutoff to eliminate the image-image interactions
• Use the truncated coulomb potential in a G0W0-PPA calculation
• Use the truncated coulomb potential in a BSE calculation
• Analyze the difference with corresponding calculations without the use of a truncated potetnial

Prerequisites

• SAVE folder for 2D hBN generated with a 6x6x1 k-grid
• yambo executable
• ypp executable
• gnuplot, for plotting spectra
• Complete the Generating the Yambo databases tutorial
• Run Initialization

Avoid numerical divergences using the Random Integration Method (RIM)

In DFT runs of low-dimensional materials low dimensional k-grids are generally used. (i.e. NxNx1 for a 2D sheet perpendicular to the z direction) This can create numerical problems in the convergence of the many-body results due to the divergence at small q of the coulomb potential (which appears in all the main equations, see i.e. the exchange self-energy equation).

To eliminate this problem YAMBO uses the so-called Random Integration Method which means to use a Monte Carlo Integration with Random Q-points whose number RandQpts is given in input.

Create the input to generate the ndb.RIM database

$ yambo -F yambo_RIM.in -r 

and change the following variable

 RandQpts= 1000000            # [RIM] Number of random q-points in the BZ
 RandGvec= 100            RL    # [RIM] Coulomb interaction RS components 

N.B RandGvec=100 means to use the RIM for the first 100 G-components of the coulomb potential (Suggestion : later you can check convergence of the HF gap changing these two values)

Close input and Run yambo

$ yambo -F yambo_RIM.in -J 2D

At the end in the 2D directory you find a new database and a new report file r-2D_rim_cut is also present. Open it and look inside

[04.02] RIM integrals

 =====================

 Gamma point sphere radius         [au]:  0.08028
 Points outside the sphere             :  800231
 [Int_sBZ(q=0) 1/q^2]*(Vol_sBZ)^(-1/3) = 7.667102
                                should be < 7.795600
 [WR./2D//ndb.RIM]-------------------------------------------
  Brillouin Zone Q/K grids (IBZ/BZ):   7   36    7   36
  Coulombian RL components        : 209
  Coulombian diagonal components  :yes
  RIM random points               : 1000000
  RIM  RL volume             [a.u.]: 0.390129
  Real RL volume             [a.u.]: 0.390112
  Eps^-1 reference component       :0
  Eps^-1 components                : 0.00      0.00      0.00
  RIM anysotropy factor            : 0.000000
 - S/N 005962 -------------------------- v.04.01.02 r.00120 -

 Summary of Coulomb integrals for non-metallic bands |Q|[au] RIM/Bare:

 Q [1]:0.1000E-40.9835 * Q [2]: 0.256404 1.093779
 Q [5]: 0.444104 1.031700 * Q [3]: 0.512807 1.023425
 Q [6]: 0.678380 1.013439 * Q [4]: 0.769211 1.010447
 Q [7]: 0.888208 1.007869

Close the report file and perform a calculation of the exchange self-energy to estimate the HF gap using the RIM.

Generate the input

$ yambo -F yambo_HF.in -r -x  -J 2D 

In order to calculate the HF gap only for the last k-point, change the last line as

 QPkrange                    # [GW] QP generalized Kpoint/Band indices
 7|  7|  4|  5|

Close the input and run yambo

$ yambo -F yambo_HF.in -J 2D

At the end you will find the report file r-2D_HF_and_locXC_rim_cut

and the output file o-2D.hf . Open it and have a look

  K-point    Band       Eo         Ehf        DFT        HF

  7.00000    4.00000    0.00000   -3.21640  -16.21949  -19.43589
  7.00000    5.00000    4.40109    9.68783  -11.10752   -5.82078

The HF gap is 12.91 eV obtained subtracting the 2 values in the fourth column

Doing a similar HF calculation without generating and reading the RIM database the HF gap results to be 12.69 eV. Indeed the presence of the numerical instability is evident only using denser k-grids with respect to the one used in this Tutorial (6x6x1). Suggestion: later you can generate other SAVE directories with denser k-grids and check the HF gap. The results of the HF gap calculated with different k-grids without (noRIM) and with Random Inetgration Method (RIM) to show up the problem are reported:

            noRIM       RIM

 6x6x1      12.69eV    12.91eV
 12x12x1    12.80eV    12.89eV
 15x15x1    12.96eV    12.90eV
 45x45x1    15.52eV    12.96eV

So the home message is : use always the RIM in MB simulations of low-dimensional materials.

Generate a truncated coulomb potential/ndb.cutoff database (yambo -r)

To simulate an isolated nano-material a convergence with cell vacuum size is in principle required, like in the DFT runs. The use of a truncated Coulomb potential allows to achieve faster convergence eliminating the interaction between the repeated images along the non-periodic direction (see i.e. D. Varsano et al Phys. Rev. B and .. ) In this tutorial we learn how to generate a box-like cutoff for a 2D system with the non-periodic direction along z.

In YAMBO you can use :

spherical   cutoff (for 0D systems)  
cylindrical cutoff (for 1D systems) 
box-like    cutoff (for 0D, 1D and 2D systems)

The Coulomb potential with a box-like cutoff is defined as

Then the FT component is

where

For a 2D-system with non period direction along z-axis we have

Important remarks:

• the Random Integration Method (RIM) is required to perform the Q-space integration
• for sufficiently large supercells a choose L_i slightly smaller than the cell size in the i-direction ensures to avoid interaction between replicas

Create the input file:

$ yambo -F yambo_cut2D.in  -r  -J 2D (N.B. adding option -J 2D allows to read the variables of the previous run)

Change the following variables as:

CUTGeo= "box z"            # [CUT] Coulomb Cutoff geometry: box/cylinder/sphere X/Y/Z/XY..
% CUTBox
 0.00     | 0.00     | 32.0    |        # [CUT] [au] Box sides

Close the input file and run yambo:

$ yambo -F  yambo_cut2D.in  -J 2D

in the directory 2D you will find a new database ndb.cutoff

Use the truncated coulomb potential in a GOWO-PPA calculation

Generate the input for a GW-PPA calculation but reading ndb.RIM ndb.cutoff

$ yambo -F yambo_G0W0.in -p p -g n -r -V qp -k hartree -J 2D 

In the input  put 

EXXRLvcs= 40 Ry    # [XX] Exchange RL components
NGsBlkXp= 4  Ry    # [Xp] Response block size

and

BndsRnXp 
  1 |  40 |                 # [Xp] Polarization function bands

and

QPkrange                    # [GW] QP generalized Kpoint/Band indices
 7|  7|  4| 5|

Close the input and run yambo

$ yambo -F yambo_G0W0.in -J 2D

At the end you find a new report file r-2D_em1d_ppa_HF_and_locXC_gw0_rim_cut . As usual open it and have a look.

and also a new output file o-2D.qp

The G0W0 gap is now 4.40 eV (LDA) + 2.76 eV (G0W0 correction) = 7.16 eV As usual the correlation part of the self-energy strongly reduces the HF gap.